{"id":136,"date":"2020-07-08T17:04:31","date_gmt":"2020-07-08T17:04:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.jesusvico.com\/blog\/?p=136"},"modified":"2022-10-05T13:17:14","modified_gmt":"2022-10-05T13:17:14","slug":"un-esclavo-diez-manillas","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.jesusvico.com\/blog\/un-esclavo-diez-manillas\/","title":{"rendered":"Un esclavo, diez manillas"},"content":{"rendered":"\n[et_pb_section fb_built=\u00bb1&#8243; _builder_version=\u00bb4.14.8&#8243; custom_margin=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb1px||||false|false\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_row _builder_version=\u00bb3.25&#8243; background_size=\u00bbinitial\u00bb background_position=\u00bbtop_left\u00bb background_repeat=\u00bbrepeat\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00bb4_4&#8243; _builder_version=\u00bb3.25&#8243; custom_padding=\u00bb|||\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb custom_padding__hover=\u00bb|||\u00bb][et_pb_image src=\u00bbhttps:\/\/www.jesusvico.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/comprar-monedas-min-scaled.jpeg\u00bb alt=\u00bbdonde vender monedas antiguas\u00bb title_text=\u00bbcomprar monedas-min\u00bb align=\u00bbcenter\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.14.8&#8243; _module_preset=\u00bbdefault\u00bb height=\u00bb300px\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00bb4.14.8&#8243; header_3_font=\u00bbOpen Sans||||||||\u00bb header_3_font_size=\u00bb17px\u00bb header_3_line_height=\u00bb1.7em\u00bb background_size=\u00bbinitial\u00bb background_position=\u00bbtop_left\u00bb background_repeat=\u00bbrepeat\u00bb hover_enabled=\u00bb0&#8243; global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb sticky_enabled=\u00bb0&#8243;]<p><!-- divi:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span><span times=\"\" new=\"\" roman=\"\" lang=\"ES-TRAD\"><\/span><\/span>La mayor parte del negocio esclavista que se estableci\u00f3 durante la Edad Moderna entre Europa y \u00c1frica se realiz\u00f3 bas\u00e1ndose en lo que hoy llamamos \u201cpremonedas\u201d, \u201cdinero primitivo\u201d o \u201cdinero tradicional\u201d, es decir, que los tratantes no necesitaban ir provistos de monedas de oro o plata para proveerse de su mercanc\u00eda humana. Aunque algunas manifestaciones de este \u201cdinero prremonetal\u201d ya ten\u00edan cierta tradici\u00f3n entre los pueblos africanos, otras fueron introducidas por los propios comerciantes para facilitar los intercambios. Entre ellas se encontraban las conocidas como \u201cSlave tokens\u201d, o \u201cmanillas\u201d, as\u00ed llamadas porque su forma recuerda a la de un brazalete. Puede decirse que son, junto con los caur\u00edes (un tipo de conchas), el objeto m\u00e1s utilizado como \u201cpremoneda\u201d en el comercio de esclavos.<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><!-- \/divi:group --><\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00bb4.14.8&#8243; header_3_font=\u00bbOpen Sans||||||||\u00bb header_3_font_size=\u00bb17px\u00bb header_3_line_height=\u00bb1.7em\u00bb background_size=\u00bbinitial\u00bb background_position=\u00bbtop_left\u00bb background_repeat=\u00bbrepeat\u00bb hover_enabled=\u00bb0&#8243; global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb sticky_enabled=\u00bb0&#8243;]<p><!-- divi:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Se trata de piezas de metal, normalmente realizadas en cobre o en otras aleaciones met\u00e1licas, que fueron usadas por primera vez para este terrible comercio por los comerciantes portugueses en \u00c1frica Occidental ya en el siglo XV. A pesar de la buena acogida que ten\u00edan estas manillas entre las tribus africanas, a los portugueses no les resultaba demasiado rentable utilizarlas porque deb\u00edan exportarlas de otros lugares de Europa, como Flandes. Sin embargo, cuando a partir del siglo XVII los comerciantes holandeses e ingleses desplazaron a los lusos en la hegemon\u00eda de este comercio, su uso continu\u00f3, abarat\u00e1ndose el coste gracias a las f\u00e1bricas de Bristol o Manchester donde se realizaban. Hace algunos a\u00f1os, uno de los barcos que transportaba este tipo de \u201cpremoneda\u201d naufrag\u00f3 en las costas de Vizcaya, permitiendo realizar un completo estudio de su carga.<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><!-- \/divi:group --><\/p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=\u00bb2_3,1_3&#8243; _builder_version=\u00bb4.14.8&#8243; _module_preset=\u00bbdefault\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00bb2_3&#8243; _builder_version=\u00bb4.14.8&#8243; _module_preset=\u00bbdefault\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00bb4.14.8&#8243; header_3_font=\u00bbOpen Sans||||||||\u00bb header_3_font_size=\u00bb17px\u00bb header_3_line_height=\u00bb1.7em\u00bb background_size=\u00bbinitial\u00bb background_position=\u00bbtop_left\u00bb background_repeat=\u00bbrepeat\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb0px||||false|false\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb0px||||false|false\u00bb hover_enabled=\u00bb0&#8243; global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb sticky_enabled=\u00bb0&#8243;]<p><!-- divi:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\">El uso de las manillas estuvo muy extendido hasta el siglo XIX y pervivi\u00f3 incluso hasta mediados del XX. A lo largo de tantos siglos, variaron su peso, la composici\u00f3n met\u00e1lica y en menor medida su forma. Por supuesto, tambi\u00e9n cambi\u00f3 la \u201cmercanc\u00eda\u201d que se pod\u00eda pagar con ellas: si en el siglo XV sabemos por las fuentes hist\u00f3ricas que con cuatro manillas y una bac\u00eda pod\u00eda comprarse una esclava, en el XVI un eslavo costaba 8 o 10 manillas, y as\u00ed podr\u00edamos citar m\u00e1s testimonios de la variaci\u00f3n de \u201cprecios\u201d basados en manillas. A pesar de este origen tan terrible, la \u201cmanilla\u201d se sigue recordando como \u201cdinero tradicional\u201d en distintos lugares de \u00c1frica y ha aparecido como tipo en emisiones monetales contempor\u00e1neas, como las de la antigua Biafra (hoy Nigeria).<\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Autor: Isabel Rodr\u00edguez Casanova<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><!-- \/divi:group --><\/p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\u00bb1_3&#8243; _builder_version=\u00bb4.14.8&#8243; _module_preset=\u00bbdefault\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_image src=\u00bbhttps:\/\/www.jesusvico.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/descarga-5-min-scaled.jpeg\u00bb alt=\u00bbvender monedas\u00bb title_text=\u00bbvender monedas antiguas\u00bb align=\u00bbcenter\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.14.8&#8243; _module_preset=\u00bbdefault\u00bb height=\u00bb300px\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=\u00bb4.14.8&#8243; _module_preset=\u00bbdefault\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb35px||||false|false\u00bb global_module=\u00bb199&#8243; global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00bb4_4&#8243; _builder_version=\u00bb4.14.8&#8243; _module_preset=\u00bbdefault\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_blog fullwidth=\u00bboff\u00bb posts_number=\u00bb300&#8243; _builder_version=\u00bb4.14.8&#8243; _module_preset=\u00bbdefault\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][\/et_pb_blog][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>La mayor parte del negocio esclavista que se estableci\u00f3 durante la Edad Moderna entre Europa y \u00c1frica se realiz\u00f3 bas\u00e1ndose en lo que hoy llamamos \u201cpremonedas\u201d, \u201cdinero primitivo\u201d o \u201cdinero tradicional\u201d, es decir, que los tratantes no necesitaban ir provistos de monedas de oro o plata para proveerse de su mercanc\u00eda humana. Aunque algunas manifestaciones [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":137,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"<!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} -->\n<h3>Dear Customer,<\/h3>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} -->\n<h3>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Above all, we wish that both you and those around you are in good health in the face of this health crisis that, fortunately, it seems we are overcoming.<\/h3>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} -->\n<h3>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We wanted to dedicate this first entry of our new blog to introduce you to the news that we have been working on for a long time and that during these last and complicated months of confinement, we have decided to carry out in the company.<\/h3>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} -->\n<h3>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0In the first place, we have to make public the incorporation of Segarra Numism\u00e1tica to the Jes\u00fas Vico group.\u00a0This well-known firm has more than 50 years of experience in the sector.\u00a0Fernando Segarra is a member of IAPN (\u00a0<em>International Association of Professional Numismatists\u00a0<\/em>) and founding member of AENP (\u00a0<em>Spanish Association of Professional Numismatists\u00a0<\/em>).\u00a0With his entry, we wanted to carry out an expansion strategy, expanding the solidity and coverage of the company.\u00a0\u00a0<\/h3>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:image {\"align\":\"center\",\"id\":68,\"width\":768,\"height\":510,\"sizeSlug\":\"large\",\"linkDestination\":\"none\"} -->\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img src=\"https:\/\/www.jesusvico.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/iapn-congress-min-1024x680.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-68\" width=\"768\" height=\"510\"\/><figcaption><em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0IAPN Congress (Jerez de la Frontera 2012)<\/em><br><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:image -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} -->\n<h3>On the other hand, we have had the necessary time to finish formalizing and structuring two new services that, although we had been carrying out them in recent years, we had not offered them openly.<\/h3>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} -->\n<h3>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The first of these is the laboratory.\u00a0This house has always tried to rely on existing scientific studies in order to clarify the authenticity of a specific piece or accurately determine its state of conservation when required.\u00a0We were pioneers in signing a collaboration agreement with the Autonomous University of Madrid more than a decade ago and we wanted to consolidate this commitment by opening a new line of collaboration with the international laboratory SGS Tecnos, which has a department specialized in Historical Heritage.<\/h3>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:image {\"align\":\"center\",\"id\":71,\"width\":768,\"height\":432,\"sizeSlug\":\"large\",\"linkDestination\":\"none\"} -->\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img src=\"https:\/\/www.jesusvico.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/numismatica-madrid-min-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-71\" width=\"768\" height=\"432\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:image -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} -->\n<h3>Along these same lines, we collaborate closely with European laboratories specializing in thermoluminescence and C14 studies, as well as with NGC for coin encapsulation.<\/h3>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} -->\n<h3>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The other line of work carried out has been the opening of a new legal advice department.\u00a0Faced with an increasingly complex scenario in terms of Historical Heritage, we have developed, together with the prestigious office Olivares Abogados, an innovative support for collectors.\u00a0The conservation of Historical Heritage corresponds to the public and private spheres and, as market agents, from this house we feel the obligation to ensure compliance with the law.<\/h3>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:image {\"align\":\"center\",\"id\":72,\"width\":768,\"height\":433,\"sizeSlug\":\"large\",\"linkDestination\":\"none\"} -->\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img src=\"https:\/\/www.jesusvico.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/descarga-1-min-1024x577.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-72\" width=\"768\" height=\"433\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:image -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} -->\n<h3>Finally, after several months of work, we have launched our new website, which responds to the demands of the current market and in which we will gradually introduce improvements and updates.&nbsp;<\/h3>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} -->\n<h3>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Likewise, we have introduced a new 360\u00ba photography system, which has already been launched in the archeology section of the Online 8 auction, and which we will soon incorporate into the numismatic part.<\/h3>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} -->\n<h3>Receive an affectionate greeting, <\/h3>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3,\"fontSize\":\"medium\"} -->\n<h3 class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Jes\u00fas Vico<\/h3>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:query 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